However, inflammasome activation does not consistently lead to pyroptotic cell death, for example, Toxoplasma gondii, which is closely related intracellular protozoan parasite with N. caninum, infection of primary human monocytes requires the NLRP3 inflammasome and caspase-1 but is independent of gasdermin D and pyroptosis (21). Here, NLRP3 is linked to infection.