EGF and neoplasm: In addition, DCA can activate the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)/phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT)/mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling axis by inducing Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF) release and membrane structural damage, thereby promoting cell proliferation and epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT), ultimately driving tumor invasion, metastasis, and immune evasion (39).