ENTPD1 and neoplasm: It also nominates quantitative spatial readouts—macrophage–tumor interface length, CD39–CD73 proximity, and enrichment of IL-10–linked HMOX1+ myeloid neighborhoods—as mechanistic biomarkers to benchmark interventions that reprogram TAMs, disrupt perivascular SPP1–CD44, or attenuate purinergic and cytokine checkpoints in glioma.