TLR4 has been implicated in the regulation of mitophagy in conditions such as atherosclerosis (Chang et al., 2025), heat stroke-induced brain injury (Lin et al., 2024b), and acute pancreatitis-associated splenic injury (Wen et al., 2022), although its specific role in AF is not fully understood. The gene discussed is TLR4; the disease is atrial fibrillation.