As shown in Table 3, in multiple regression analyses, VAP-1 levels were shown to be significantly associated with the occurrence of MACE in AF patients in both unadjusted (P < 0.001) model and adjusted models (model I: P < 0.001, model II: P = 0.028, model III: P = 0.021). Here, AOC3 is linked to atrial fibrillation.