AOC3 and atrial fibrillation: The results showed that the proportion of HF and the NT-proBNP level were positively related to the level of VAP-1 in AF patients (P = 0.003), whereas the LVEF had an inverse association with VAP-1 (P = 0.001), the renal function indicators Scr and eGFR were positively and negatively correlated, respectively, to VAP-1 levels in AF patients (P = 0.004, P < 0.001).