CASP3 and Parkinson disease: Current studies on APS in the treatment of PD include the following: Tan et al. (34) reported that APS enhanced autophagy via the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway in an in vitro PD cell model, while also inhibiting Bad/Caspase-3 and increasing the Bcl-2/Bax ratio, thus exerting neuroprotective effects.