Notably, the differential tumor-associated signaling pathways (including apoptosis, KRAS signaling, and TNFα signaling) and immune signaling pathways (such as allograft rejection, complement, IL2-STAT5 axis, IL3-JAK-STAT3 axis, and inflammatory response) observed in the mouse cohort were highly consistent with those found in the human cohort (Figure 4E). Here, TNF is linked to neoplasm.