TLR4 and epilepsy: Furthermore, at the mechanistic level, we demonstrated that L. eligens could play a protective role in the occurrence of epilepsy by restoring the integrity of the intestinal barrrier and BBB, reducing circulating LPS levels, selectively inhibiting M1 microglia polarization, and down-regulating the expression of various pro-inflammatory cytokines, mediated by increased production of the SCFA butyrate, thus suppressing TLR4 signaling.