Treadmill/endurance training upregulates PINK1/Parkin, elevates LC3-II, reduces p62 accumulation, and restores mitochondrial membrane potential across PD models (Nakahira et al., 2015; Nhu et al., 2021); high-intensity interval or aerobic training can enhance TFEB-mediated autophagy–lysosome biogenesis and flux (Zhang et al., 2022); and exercise upregulates SIRT3 to facilitate removal of damaged mitochondria and modulate the NLRP3 inflammasome (Luthra et al., 2025). Here, PRKN is linked to Parkinson disease.