TNF and periodontitis: Li et al. reported biomimetic immunomodulation by crosstalk with nanoparticulate regulatory T cells in animal models of periodontitis, which inhibited the proliferation and activation of T cells, reduced secreting of TNF-α, IFN-γ, and IL-17a, suppressed excessive immune responses, alleviated inflammation and curbed alveolar bone resorption (Sun et al., 2023; Hienz et al., 2015).