Accordingly, systemic (serum) Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) levels correlate with inferior outcomes to immune checkpoint blockade across several cancers, and specifically LDH isoform LDHA expression associated with tumour growth, maintenance and tumourigenesis54; while often interpreted as a proxy for tumour load, LDH(A) may also capture metabolic waste/lactate-mediated blunting of antitumor immunity. Here, LDHA is linked to neoplasm.