INS and Insulin resistance: In contrast, fasting-, 1-h, and 2-h glucose levels during the oral glucose tolerance test (performed between 24 and 28 weeks of gestation), along with TG/HDL-C, apoB/apoA1, fasting insulin and glucose, homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance, malondialdehyde, total oxidant status, and oxidative stress index (TOS/TAC), were markedly increased in the GDM group (P < 0.05–0.001).