Furthermore, Shintani et al. demonstrated that non-small cell lung cancer-associated CAFs released interleukin 6 (IL-6), which synergized with transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) to promote epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and conferred cisplatin resistance, thereby illustrating the critical role of CAF-derived cytokines in dictating therapeutic outcomes 4. Here, IL6 is linked to non-small cell lung carcinoma.