TNF and acute kidney injury: We have demonstrated that TFNAs@PLT reduces pyroptosis and apoptosis through the Caspase-3/GSDME pathway and the NLRP3-mediated Caspase-1/IL-1β pathway in the acute kidney injury (AKI) mouse model, while also inhibiting renal fibrosis via the NLRP3/Caspase-1 and the TNF-α/NF-κB pathways in the chronic kidney disease (CKD) mouse model.