However, since the IMvigor210 cohort (anti-PD-L1) is derived from urothelial carcinoma, we further validated this hypothesis in an ESCC context by performing spatial transcriptomics and experimental validation using clinically annotated tissues from a real-world cohort of ESCC patients underwent anti-PD-1 immunotherapy. Here, CD274 is linked to esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.