Key enriched pathways included glomerular filtration (GO:0003094), fibroblast proliferation (GO:0048144), fibrinolysis (GO:0042730), fibrinogen complex (GO:0005577), epithelial cell proliferation (GO:0050673/GO:0050679), insulin resistance (mmu04931), and the AGE-RAGE signaling pathway in diabetic complications (mmu04933), collectively corroborating hallmark renal pathology in our DN model. Here, INS is linked to liver dysplastic nodule.