APOE and dementia: (2) Temporal overlap in CumAIP calculation and outcome follow-up: A limitation is that while our CumAIP uses a validated cumulative assessment method [27, 28], it incorporates 2015 AIP data overlapping with the 2015 baseline of 2018 dementia risk follow-up, requiring further strictly prospective studies (3) Unmeasured genetic and vascular markers: Key variables (apolipoprotein E [ApoE] genotype, brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity [baPWV]) were not measured.