In line with these findings, primary human monocyte-derived dendritic cells (moDCs) responded to infection by R191A Nef HIV-1 CH042 with substantially higher levels of IL-6, IL-8, IP-10, and IL-1β compared to cells infected with WT HIV-1 (Fig. 1h; Supplementary Fig. 2f–h). Here, S100B is linked to infection.