HMGB1 and lung carcinoma: Elevated HMGB1 expression correlates with enhanced tumor invasiveness, lymph node metastasis, and shorter overall survival in breast cancer [86, 87, 88]; drives progression and metastasis while associating with chemoresistance in colorectal cancer [89]; And is linked to larger tumor size, lymphatic dissemination, and reduced survival rates in lung cancer [40, 90].