Upregulated cancer genes included KIT, DUSP4, ETV4, INSR, and VEGFA. One key tyrosine kinase gene (ERBB2) that was also significantly upregulated in FTC compared to MTC had a log2 fold change of 1.53 (false discovery rate, FDR, 0.003) compared to normal thyroid samples in this analysis (Supplementary Fig. 1). This evidence concerns the gene INSR and medullary thyroid gland carcinoma.