Upregulated cancer genes included KIT, DUSP4, ETV4, INSR, and VEGFA. One key tyrosine kinase gene (ERBB2) that was also significantly upregulated in FTC compared to MTC had a log2 fold change of 1.53 (false discovery rate, FDR, 0.003) compared to normal thyroid samples in this analysis (Supplementary Fig. 1). Here, VEGFA is linked to medullary thyroid gland carcinoma.