While it remains unclear what underlies the refractoriness of SCLC to ICB and how to stratify patient tumors by the degree of response to ICB, recent studies have explored emerging molecular subtypes of SCLC tumors, classified based on the actions of key lineage transcription factors (ASCL1, NEUROD1, and POU2F3) and inflammation8–11. This evidence concerns the gene NEUROD1 and small cell lung carcinoma.