These findings position UBC9 as a critical regulator within the PD pathophysiological landscape.MPP+ was the neurotoxic form of methyl 4 phenyl 1,2,3,6 tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), which causes mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress and programmed cell death after uptake by dopaminergic neurons (Vaidya et al. 2023). This evidence concerns the gene UBE2I and Parkinson disease.