Previous studies have demonstrated that α-Synuclein accumulation in presynaptic terminals is associated with disrupted synaptic protein function, altered dopamine neurotransmission and degeneration of striatal dopaminergic neurons (Alabi and Tsien, 2012), which leads to subsequent dysfunction in PD (Bloem et al., 2021, Wang et al., 2025). This evidence concerns the gene SNCA and Parkinson disease.