TGFB1 and renal fibrosis: On one hand, it effectively inhibits the renal fibrosis process by blocking the TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway; on the other hand, osthole can also directly act on the interleukin-11 (IL-11)/extracellular signal–regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) signaling pathway to inhibit the translation of fibrotic proteins, thereby improving renal fibrosis (Wu et al., 2021).