TGFB1 and renal fibrosis: Additionally, studies have revealed that baicalin can inhibit the expression of inflammatory and fibrotic genes induced by TGF-β, while concurrently boosting fatty acid oxidation (FAO) levels by activating carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1A (CPT1A), thereby enhancing kidney energy metabolism and effectively alleviating renal fibrosis (Hu et al., 2024; Miguel et al., 2023).