HMGB1 and lung carcinoma: Artesunate and dihydroartemisinin may exert immunomodulatory effects by regulating HMGB1 expression, inhibiting TLR4/NF-κB activation, decreasing TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, iNOS, and Cox-2 expression, and attenuating inflammation caused by pneumonia, lung injury, lung fibrosis, and lung cancer (Deng et al., 2018; Han et al., 2023).