In contrast, while TACE’s embolization rapidly blocks tumor blood supply, it induces hypoxic stress in the TME, activating the HIF-1α signaling pathway and upregulating pro-angiogenic factors like VEGF and PDGF, consequently driving tumor neovascularization and local recurrence, ultimately undermining the long-term benefit of the combination therapy. This evidence concerns the gene HIF1A and neoplasm.