The immunotoxicity of long-chain PFAS such as PFOS and PFOA is primarily linked to activation of nuclear receptors like PPAR-α, which modulates lipid metabolism and immune cell differentiation, leading to suppression of B- and T-cell functions (DeWitt et al., 2012; NTP, 2016; Schrenk et al., 2020). This evidence concerns the gene PPARA and immune system toxicity.