Infections can lead to the formation of multiple autoantibodies, for example, rheumatoid factor, antinuclear antibodies (ANAs), antiphospholipid antibodies, and antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCAs) including ANCA-directed antigens other than myeloperoxidase (MPO) or proteinase-3 (PR-3). This evidence concerns the gene PRTN3 and infection.