ALB and kidney disorder: Nephropathy was mainly assessed via albuminuria, typically using the albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR) or albumin excretion rate (AER), typically defined as ACR > 30 mg of albumin per gram of creatinine, or AER ≥ 20 μ g/min, confirmed in at least two samples [18, 22, 26, 32, 44, 51, 61, 72].