CASP3 and prostate carcinoma: In vitro, hydroxychavicol‐enriched extracts induce cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis in diverse cancer cells: for example, treatment of human prostate cancer cells caused G1‐phase accumulation, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, ROS overproduction and activation of caspase-3/PARP (190).These insults activate stress pathways (JNK/MAPK) and DNA damage responses leading to caspase-dependent apoptosis, while concomitantly suppressing epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) and migration (190, 191).