Epicatechin and scopoletin induce apoptosis in leukemia (Jurkat, WEHI-3b) and lung adenocarcinoma (A549) through caspase-3/8 activation, G0/G1 arrest, and downregulation of tumor proliferation genes (EGFR, MDM2, RAF1, mTOR), while enhancing immune responses and reducing COX-2 expression (96). Here, MDM2 is linked to neoplasm.