HIF1A and gastric cancer: This correlates with metastasis and poor prognosis (54), and activates the adenosine/Adora2b pathway via HIF-1α (51, 54).Hypoxia is a prominent feature of gastric cancer (GC) TME, driven by impaired angiogenesis and microcirculation, which activates hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α)—a key transcription factor regulating hypoxic responses (54–56).