VEGFA and gastric cancer: The gastric cancer immune TME is a dynamic system composed of heterogeneous cells and soluble factors, where core cells and their interactions form an immunosuppressive barrier: In innate immunity, M2-type TAMs secrete IL-6/VEGF to promote tumor progression (5), while MDSCs suppress immunity via the “CD73-adenosine-Adora2b” axis (6, 7).