TGFB1 and neoplasm: TGF-β can inhibit immune cell activity and facilitate tumor immune evasion (77); PDGF stimulates the proliferation and activation of fibroblasts, affecting the remodeling of the tumor microenvironment (78); VEGF serves as a critical regulator of angiogenesis, promoting the formation of tumor vasculature to provide nutrients and oxygen to support tumor growth and metastasis (79).