TGFB1 and neoplasm: During the progressive stage of tumors, the role of TGF-β “reverses”: on one hand, it enhances the migratory and invasive abilities of tumor cells by inducing EMT; Conversely, it creates a microenvironment that suppresses the immune response by reducing the function of effector T cells and encouraging the development of immunosuppressive cells, including Treg cells (11).