Among these, LGR5 acts as an amplifier of Wnt/β-catenin signaling, sustaining cellular self-renewal through continuous activation of the canonical Wnt pathway; CD133 regulates membrane microdomains while directly activating the PI3K/Akt axis and indirectly amplifying Wnt signaling to consolidate stemness; the “adhesion-migration” duo CD44 and CD24 mediates cell-matrix interactions and enhances tumor invasiveness by regulating immune evasion; Beyond sustaining stemness and self-renewal, EpCAM drives EMT to promote metastasis. Here, CD44 is linked to neoplasm.