Regarding lipids, studies have shown that, in postmenopausal women, total cholesterol and LDL-c levels are higher, and dyslipidemia treatment and control rates are lower than those in men of the same age.242,243 HDL-c levels are lower.231 Studies have shown that the antiatherogenic function of HDL-c can be impaired and, in such case, elevated HDL-c levels can be associated with atherosclerosis.244 In addition, Lp(a) concentration tends to increase during menopause, and elevated Lp(a) levels are more common in women than in men after the age of 50 years, increasing the risk of CVD.235,243. The gene discussed is LPA; the disease is metabolic syndrome.