TNF and cerebrovascular disorder: It is associated with a chronic inflammatory process mediated by substances, such as intercellular adhesion molecule, IL-1 and IL-6, TNF-α, and VEGF, which induce an increase in oxidative stress.181 A systematic review with 254,929 participants has revealed that the condition is associated with higher risk of IHD (HR 1.50) and cerebrovascular disease (HR 1.17).203