Prior studies have shown that SPP1 promotes invasion and metastasis by targeting COL11A1 in malignant tumor cells.49,50 Emerging evidence further suggests that SPP1+ TAMs can remodel the tumor microenvironment and facilitate tumor metastasis,51,52 consistent with the observed association between SPP1 expression and Treg infiltration in our study. The gene discussed is COL11A1; the disease is neoplasm.