TNF and cancer: Nevertheless, pro-inflammatory cytokines and epigenetic modulations can elevate CD40 expression on tumor cells, promoting tumor cell apoptosis that leads to cancer cell death and additionally modulates tumor immunogenicity, for example, by upregulating the production of pro-inflammatory signal molecules like IL6, IL8, and TNFα and other immunogenic cell death (ICD) markers (e.g., CD80 and ICOS-L) [38].