MTOR and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: Pathological conditions such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), atherosclerosis, and osteoporosis involve dysregulated lipid metabolism and oxidative stress, where the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling cascade plays a central role in modulating autophagy and cellular survival mechanisms, highlighting its pivotal role in cellular survival and disease progression [51–53].