Postoperative TACE may induce a hypoxic environment that stimulates the expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), activating related signaling pathways, promoting angiogenesis, and fostering a microenvironment that supports tumor growth, potentially leading to recurrence, progression, and metastasis [53,54]. Here, VEGFA is linked to neoplasm.