TNF and Cerebral ischemia: In the context of cerebral ischemia, TIGAR has been shown to exert neuroprotective effects by reducing oxidative stress, supporting mitochondrial function, and mediating downregulation of pro-inflammatory markers such as iNOS, COX-2, IL-1β, and TNF-α in astrocytes (Li et al. 2014, 2021a; Chen et al. 2018a; Zhou et al. 2016; Liu et al. 2022b).