GNB5 and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Although GNB5 has not been directly implicated in stroke pathogenesis, mutations in this gene are linked to a spectrum of neurodevelopmental and multisystem disorders, including cardiac arrhythmias, cognitive impairment, motor and speech delays, and visual dysfunction, highlighting its essential role in neuronal, cardiac, and autonomic regulation (Lodder et al. 2016; Shamseldin et al. 2016).