Beetroot has been shown to significantly reduce testosterone in women with PCOS compared to controls (−7.3 pg/mL; p < 0.05)52, which aligns with our finding that indole-beta-carboxylic acid interacts with AR. Although no literature suggesting a direct interaction between AR and indole-beta-carboxylic acid was identified in our literature search, other indoles have been reported to decrease AR activity in prostate cancer cells53. Here, AR is linked to Familial prostate cancer.