NICE: National Institute for Health and Care Excellence; N/V: no value; HbA1c: glycosylated hemoglobin; FPG: fasting plasma glucose; OSA: obstructive sleep apnea; CVD: cardiovascular disease; DM: diabetes mellitus; SC: subcutaneous; JASSO: Japan Society for the Study of Obesity; MASLD: metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease; GLP-1 RAs: glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists. Here, GCG is linked to diabetes mellitus.