The productionof IFN-β by cancer cells within the TME is noteworthy, as typeI interferons like IFN-β are typically produced by immune cells,including dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages, in response to externalstimuli such as viral infections or DAMPs. IFN-β plays a crucial role in modulating the immune landscapeof the TME by promoting the polarization of TAMs from an immunosuppressiveM2 phenotype to a pro-inflammatory M1 phenotype (Figure B,C). Here, IFNB1 is linked to viral infectious disease.