IFNB1 and neoplasm: In vivo experiments demonstrate that the combinationof MN-mediated R.E delivery with anti-PD-1 therapy yields superiortumor suppression and survival benefits compared to monotherapies.The R.E-induced IFN-β response seems to contribute to enhancedT cell priming and activation. However,it may also upregulate immune checkpoints such as PD-L1 on tumor cells. This adaptive resistance mechanism suggeststhe rationale for combining R.E with ICIs.