Further, while studying β-amyloid toxicity in AD, androgens were observed to reduce neuronal apoptosis by activating an intracellular AR-dependent non-genomic signaling cascade encompassing the activation of the MAPK/ERK pathway.31 Our knowledge on the association between multiple cellular receptors/genes and their trajectory of stimulation is still incomplete, and thus further studies are required to elucidate the pathways more comprehensively. Here, AR is linked to Alzheimer disease.