ATF6 and infection: Under stress conditions such as pathogen infection, nutrient deprivation, and inflammation, the abundance of misfolded proteins access the capacity of the protein folding machinery in the ER, the unfolded protein response (UPR) will be triggered via the activation of three ER transmembrane receptors: pancreatic ER kinase-like ER kinase (PERK), inositol-requiring enzyme 1α (IRE1α), and activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6) [104].