But LPS also modulates thyroidhomeostasis through a dual action on thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH): byincreasing gene expression of thyroglobulin (Tg) and NIS through the activation ofTSH as demonstrated in a rat thyroid cell line (FRTL-5) (11) during infection, LPS or LPS-inducedproinflammatory cytokines exert a direct action to stimulate the synthesis ofdeiodinase type II (D2) in the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary, thusfacilitating the conversion of thyroxine (T4) to triiodothyronine (T3), whichinhibits the production of TRH at the hypothalamus as well as TSH at the pituitarygland. This evidence concerns the gene TG and infection.