CX3CR1 and systemic sclerosis: Animal model investigations reveal that this axis directly influences collagen production in processes such as systemic sclerosis, obstructive nephropathy, and liver fibrosis.11-13 Additionally, in primary cultures of rat microglia, stimulation with TGF-β—a critical mediator in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF)—has been shown to elevate CX3CR1 mRNA levels, indicating a potential increase in CX3CR1 within TGF-β-enriched microenvironments.14 While the association of CX3CL1 with various diseases has been demonstrated, information regarding its role in periodontal diseases remains limited.