As for Lactobacillus, Zhou et al. observed significant downregulation of Lactobacillus in an AP rat model, and further studies revealed that its metabolite norharman could alleviate AP progression by inhibiting histone deacetylase activity, enhancing H3K9/14 acetylation of Rftn1, and consequently suppressing M1 macrophage activation (Zhou et al. 2023). The gene discussed is RFTN1; the disease is alkaline phosphatase measurement.