ADORA2A and Parkinson disease: Over the past decade, research paradigms have shifted from macro-level association analyses to investigations of molecular mechanisms: Caffeine (1,3,7-trimethylxanthine), a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant, enhances cognitive function and reduces Parkinson's disease (PD) risk through adenosine A2A receptor (A2AR) antagonism, though its dose-dependent effects may induce anxiety and disrupt calcium (Ca2+) homeostasis at high intake levels (6).