Clinical signals are emerging but still preliminary: a CRISPR-Cas3–enhanced phage cocktail (LBP-EC01) reported Phase 2 Part 1 safety and target engagement in uncomplicated E. coli urinary tract infection, and SNIPR001 advanced with supportive animal data (Gencay et al., 2024; Kim et al., 2024). Here, EFS is linked to urinary tract infection.